Iraq4

__**IRAQ**__



__**Key:**__ Purple: Sara Provencal Blue: Jenna Kubiak Turquoise: Erin Moore

**__Timeline__** 1932 Iraq becomes independent. 1953 Faisal II becomes king. 1958 The monarchy is over and Iraq becomes a republic. 1979 Saddam Hussein succeeds Al Bark as president. 1980 Iraq invades Iran initiating the Iraq-Iran War. 1988 The Halabja Massacre, or the chemical gassing of the Kurds, is executed by Hussein. 1991 A coalition of 34 countries begin bombing Iraq starting the Persian Gulf War. 1993 The US launches a missile attack on Iraqi Intelligence, Bush thought the Al Qaeda might launch terrorist attacks. 2003 Saddam Hussein was captured, found guilty, and was hanged. <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">2006 Al Qaeda leader in Iraq was killed. <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Dec 18th 2011 The war in Iraq is officially ended.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">**__Iraqi Anthem:__** <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">media type="youtube" key="6qA7QBGKjrU" width="425" height="350"

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">__**Primary source paragraph:**__

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">US president George W. Bush’s address to the nation on military operations in Iraq, televised on March 19, 2003, was intended to further explain to American citizens why the US military would be launching military attacks in Iraq. Bush opened by explaining that military force would be used in order to “to disarm Iraq, to free its people and to defend the world from grave danger.” It is noted that American coalition forces “will make every effort to spare innocent civilians from harm.” President Bush explains that we have full respect for Iraqi citizens, for their religions and ways of life and we have no ambitions in Iraq, except to remove threats and restore control of the country to its people.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">__**Video Paragraph:**__ <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">media type="youtube" key="wss_urnuB7o" width="425" height="350"

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">On April 9, 2003 a symbol of a brutal presidency over Iraq was destroyed, marking the end of a terrible leader and the fall of Baghdad to U.S-led coalition forces. A small group of Iraqi’s and Marines gathered around the statue of Saddam Hussein, located in central Baghdad’s Firdos Square and began to try to bring it down symbolizing the end of a countries tolerance of a brutal leader. An American flag was later draped over the statue’s head by US marines, the flag was later taken down and replaced by hanging a Pre- 1991 Gulf War Iraqi flag from the neck of the statue, this was then also removed as a marine vehicle equipped with a crane toppled the statue. A few minutes after the toppling secretary of defense Donald Rumsfeld told reporters “The scenes of free Iraqis celebrating in the streets, riding the American tanks, tearing down the statues of Saddam Hussein in the center of Baghdad are breathtaking.”

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">**__Key Personel- past and present:__**

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">**__King Faisal:__** <span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Nationalism and independence were the driving forces in the organization of an Arab revolt against the Ottoman Empire, developed by Faisal. Once independence was gained, the British felt with the lack of organized opposition Faisal could easily establish power. He was made king of the Iraqi monarchy after a false vote put in place by British ministers, desiring for him to be in power. As king he encouraged the return of Syrian exiles, which would eventually result in native resentment towards the Syrians and Lebanese, workers to better Iraqi relations, and improved education. He developed motor routes, which helped the economy and improved Iraq’s influence in the east. His main goal was to create a unity between Iraq and Syria.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">**__Saddam Hussein:__**

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Saddam Hussein joined the Ba’ath party and became involved in the attempt to assassinated President Quasim, which failed, but put the Ba’ath party in power. Saddam was made the deputy to President Al-Bakr and the revolutionary command council, where his main goal was to unify the different cultures, religions, and ethnicities within Iraq. During this period, Iraq experienced its fastest economic growth. Saddam became the general of the Iraqi armed forces and was elected president in 1979. His presidency consisted of many wars with neighboring countries, mainly Kuwait and Iran. His presidency soon turned to a dictatorship where he suppressed any threats to his power with violence including killing and jailing his enemies. He developed nuclear weapons and stored prohibited materials after the Gulf war, which was seen as a threat to the United States, causing them to invade. Saddam escaped and went missing for months until he was captured in a small farmhouse. He was then put on trial and hung for alleged crimes against humanity.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">**__Maliki:__** <span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">After being influenced by past family members, Maliki joined the Dawa party, a Shiite Islamist party, while in college. Saddam Hussein, the dictator at the time, felt threatened by the Dawa party and arrested many of its leaders. Maliki was able to escape to Syria. After the fall of Saddam Hussein, Maliki returned to Iraq where he was chosen as prime minister in 2006. He was not widely known or popular, but he was a compromised choice to try to unite the various political factions in Iraq. Maliki was reelected in 2010. Since then, some leaders of other political parties in Iraq have accused him of trying to become too powerful. Recently, some of the other parties have threatened to leave Maliki's coalition and force new elections. Maliki’s future as prime minister is now uncertain.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">**__In Blow to Government, Sadr Followers Call for New Elections:__** <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/27/world/middleeast/moktada-al-sadr-followers-call-for-new-election-in-iraq.html?_r=2

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Al-Sadr, a political leader in Iraq, is currently challenging Prime Minister, Maliki. He believes that dissolving Maliki’s government is the only way to bring Iraq out of its crisis since the departure of U.S. troops. The prospect of an upcoming vote adds more uncertainty among the Sunni’s, Shiite’s, and Kurds because Sadr’s party is necessary for Maliki to keep his coalition. Many believe that Maliki is trying to intimidate his opposition as seen by the arrest of Vice President Hashimi and hundreds of additional political opponents. Experts are speculating that Sadr may be trying to undermine Maliki’s government in order to increase his own power. In past years Sadr’s militia has clashed with Iraq’s army under orders of Maliki leaving great tension between the two parties.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">**__Hussein Charged with Genocide:__** <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/05/world/middleeast/05iraq.html?pagewanted=all

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Saddam Hussein, former president of Iraq, was the first ruler in the Middle East to be charged with genocide. In 1988 Hussein sought out to kill all of the Kurdish citizens in Iraq. He succeeded in killing at least 50,000 Kurdish civilians and destroyed 2,000 villages. The people that escaped, who were most likely tortured, were forced to relocate to neighboring countries. During the Anfal Campaign, Anfal meaning “the spoils”, Kurds were killed using chemical weapons including nerve agents and mustard gas. During Hussein and the 7 other defendants’ trial it was questioned whether the beginning of his offenses started when he hired Majid, also known as Chemical Ali, or when he tortured and killed 148 men and boys in the Shiite village of Dujail. Regardless of this fact Saddam Hussein was charged with genocide and was executed by hanging.

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">__**20th Century Iraq**__:

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">Iraq was ruled by the Ottoman Empire until World War I. King Faisal I, the first monarch of the independent country, took power with help from the British using a <span style="color: #008080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 23px;">plebiscite <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">. After he led a strong reign and created an organized government his son, King Faisal II, took over. His rule ended with Iraq becoming a republic allowing the next major ruler, Saddam Hussein, to become president in 1979 after military leaders lost power. One year later Iraq invaded Iran in air and on land initiating the Iran-Iraq War due to disagreements over boundaries. Iraq wanted to replace <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; line-height: 23px;">Iran <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;"> and extend it's borders while spreading the Islamic faith and revolution. Over the future years Iran constantly attacked Iraq, 500,000 civilians and soldiers from both countries died. Eight years later Iraq the UN called for a cease fire which both countries agreed to. Iraq was left with little money and a failing economy. Iraq then launched a mass attack on the Kurds living in their own country, using chemical weapons. Hussein was tried and charged for genocide along with other military leaders because of this massacre. Iraq then invaded Kuwait in 1990 starting the Gulf War when Hussein did not leave by the date they were told to withdraw. The 20th century in Iraq was a disastrous time filled with positive and negative times.

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">__**21st Century Iraq:**__

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 23px;">During the 21st century Iraq was at war with America. America thought Iraq could have been hiding weapons of mass destruction. The U.S. invaded Iraq even though there was no proof of any weapons. The U.S. was also fearful that Saddam Hussein was supporting the terrorist group of Al Qaeda. While in Iraq America wanted to support the countries economy while promoting democracy. During this time Saddam Hussein, the infamous president, was captured and killed in 2003. This ended the Ba'ath Party's complete rule and left Iraq with a deteriorated government, a failing economy, and many foreign soldiers. The leader of the terrorist organization Al Qaeda was killed my American soldiers in 2006 before the War on Terror was over. <span style="color: #008080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 16px;">American leaders saw the country's condition improving so troops slowly left and the war was officially ended in December of 2011. <span style="color: #008080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 23px;"> Iraq today is rebuilding but many countries fear it will not be able to become successfully democratic and will repeat it's destructive cycles.